Pansharpening is the fusion of panchromatic (PAN) and multispectral (MS) images to obtain a high spectral and spatial resolution image. Various metrics are introduced to assess the performance of different algorithms of pansharpening. This paper proposes a new metric for spectral quality evaluation of fused images. In the proposed method, spectrum vector of each pixel of fused image is compared to corresponding spectrum of reference image. Area of difference between two spectra is measured, and by applying this process to all pixel vectors of the fused image and taking an average over obtained values, spectral distortion of whole image is obtained. To investigate the efficiency of the proposed index, deliberate spectral distortion is applied to fused image and the proposed metric's ability to detect distortion is examined. Experimental results on real remote sensing images demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed metric compared to other existing metrics.

Finding similar web contents have great efficiency in academic community and software systems. There are many methods and metrics in literature to measure the extent of text similarity among various documents and some its application especially in plagiarism detection systems. However, most of them do not take ambiguity inherent in word or text pair’s comparison that gained form linguistic experts as well as structural features into account. As a result, pervious methods did not have enough accuracy to deal vague information. So using structural features and considering ambiguity inherent word improve the identification of similar contents. In this paper, a new method has been proposed that taking lexical and structural features in text similarity measures into consideration. After preprocessing and removing stop words, each text was divided into general words and domain-specific knowledge words. For each part, appropriate features and measures are extracted. Then, the two lexical and structural fuzzy inference systems were designed to assess lexical and structural text similarity respectively. The proposed method has been evaluated on Persian paper abstracts of International Conference on e-Learning and e-Teaching (ICELET) Corpus. The results shows that the proposed method can achieve a rate of 75% in terms of precision and can detect 81% of the similar cases.

For a class of fuzzy metric spaces (in the sense of George and Veeramani) with an H-type t-norm, we present a method to construct a metric on a fuzzy metric space. The induced metric space shares many important properties with the given fuzzy metric space. Specifically, they generate the same topology, and have the same completeness. Our results can give the constructive proofs to some problems for fuzzy metric spaces in the literature, which are shown by examples in this paper.

In this paper, we propose a new definition of intuitionistic fuzzy quasi-metric and pseudo-metric spaces based on intuitionistic fuzzy points. We prove some properties of intuitionist fuzzy quasi- metric and pseudo-metric spaces, and show that every intuitionist fuzzy pseudo-metric space is intuitionist fuzzy regular and intuitionistic fuzzy completely normal and hence intuitionistic fuzzy normal. These are the intuitionistic fuzzy generalization of the corresponding properties of fuzzy quasi-metric and pseudo- metric spaces.

Irregular development of agricultural areas, crops planting with high water need in the Urmia Lake Basin and also low irrigation efficiency have caused a significant reduction in the lake surface in recent years, so estimating water consumption in agriculture can be efficient in both accurate agriculture management and water resources management. In this context, by using METRIC algorithm and Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images, the actual evapotranspiration have been estimated for a part of the Urmia Lake basin - Hasanlu dam downstream - in the year 2015 and 2016. Therefore, by considering the percipitation at Naghadeh station as the representative of percipitation in the study area, the valoum of irrigation water used in the agricultural area downstream of Hasanlu Dam was estimated. Then, the valoum of water allocated to this dam and estimation water volume was compared to the WaPOR product. The estimated values for Landsat 8 are 468 and 315 mm and for MODIS, 240 and 208 mm for 2015 and 2016, respectively. The estimated usage of the METRIC algorithm is significantly different from the allocated values and the WaPOR system. The estimated values are far higher than the ground statistics and the WaPOR system for nearly all months of the two years. The difference between METRIC and ground statistics and WaPOR product in the study area is calculated equal 23 and 26.6 million cubic meters, respectively.

In this paper, we introduce the concept of the rectangular M-metric spaces, along with its topology and we prove some fixed-point theorems under different contraction principles with various techniques. The obtained results generalize some classical fixed-point results such as the Banach’ s contraction principle, the Kannan’ s fixed-point theorem and the Chatterjea’ s fixed-point theorem. Also we give an application to the fixed-circle problem.

Recognition and prediction of biological function of proteins based on amino acid sequences is a simple method employed in so many software and operators. However, the sequence similarity does not always imply to similarity of biological function. The aim of this study was to determine the semantic similarity of gene ontology (GO) of six pluripotency factors, Oct4, Sox2, C-Myc, Klf-4, Lin28 and Nanog in six species and evaluate their conformity with their protein sequence similarity and phylogenetic distance. C-myc factor exhibited a significant correlation between phylogenetic distance and protein similarity. The other factors like Sox2, Klf-4 and Lin-28 showed the correct changes of phylogenetic distance and protein similarity, but Nanog and Oct4 factors did not display a correct correlation between two indices because, the increase of protein similarity was not followed with the decrease of phylogenetic distance. Following the study, the protein or nucleotide similarity was assumed as dependent variable and GO similarity in three categories of biological process (BP), molecular function (MF) and, cell component (CC) were expected as the independent variables. With this assumption, regression analysis was accomplished to determine the best model for protein and nucleotide similarity estimation. The protein or nucleotide similarity also displayed a significant regression with GO similarity for C-myc factor and category of BP and CC were selected to estimate protein or nucleotide similarity by model, but a significant regression was not observed for other pluripotency factors for estimation of protein or nucleotide similarity. It means that except of C-myc, GO similarity of other studied pluripotency factors didn’ t reflect the protein or nucleotide similarity. It is suggested that related data for five pluripotency factors, including Oct-4, Sox2, Klf4, Lin28 and Nanog in the six studied species should be reviewed.